Barcodes are a fundamental part of business operations across nearly every industry, from manufacturing and warehousing to healthcare and retail. But beneath the familiar black-and-white patterns lies a layer of complexity that many organizations overlook. Barcode symbologies—the specific ways information is encoded into barcodes—can directly impact scanning accuracy, data capacity, and operational efficiency.
Understanding the different types of barcodes, also known as barcode symbologies or barcode formats, is essential when building or upgrading a warehouse labeling system. Whether you're managing warehouse inventory, printing product packaging, or labeling medical equipment, selecting the right symbology ensures your barcodes are optimized for the task. Four of the most widely used industrial barcode types include Code 39, Code 128, Data Matrix, and QR Codes. Each offers unique characteristics, technical capabilities, and use-case advantages depending on the environment and the data requirements.
For easy reference, download our barcode symbologies infographic that summarizes all the key details found below.
What is a barcode symbology?
A barcode symbology defines how data is visually encoded into a barcode, determining the type of characters it supports, how it stores information, and which scanner technologies can read it. Symbologies fall into two main categories: 1D barcodes, which store data linearly using bars and spaces, and 2D barcodes, which store data both horizontally and vertically using dots, squares, or other geometric patterns.
Overview of Common Barcode Types
Code 39 is one of the oldest and simplest 1D barcode types, it was the first alphanumeric symbology originally developed for use by the U.S. government. It supports 43 characters, including uppercase letters, numbers, and a limited set of special characters. Code 39 is frequently used for basic asset tracking in government, education, and electronics sectors, thanks to its ease of implementation and compatibility with basic laser scanners. However, its data capacity is limited, and the resulting barcodes can be physically long, making it cumbersome where label space is constrained or when higher density is needed.
For more compact and versatile applications, many operations turn to Code 128, another linear barcode but with higher density and self-checking capabilities. This symbology supports the full ASCII character set and encodes data more efficiently and securely, allowing for smaller barcodes with more information. Code 128 is commonly found in warehouse inventory systems, logistics labels, and bulk storage environments, where speed and accuracy are crucial. Its compact format makes it a favorite for serialized products and shipping labels.
For applications where space is extremely limited—or where large amounts of data need are encoded—2D symbologies are a good option. Data Matrix barcodes are especially well-suited for small items, as they can encode up to 2,335 alphanumeric characters in a tiny area. These matrix-style barcodes are often used in electronics manufacturing, medical device labeling, and aerospace part identification, where precision and permanence are key. They are also popular in government asset tracking. A significant advantage of Data Matrix codes is their ability to incorporate error correction, meaning they can still be read even if damaged or partially obscured.
Another widely recognized 2D barcode format is the QR Code, short for “Quick Response.” QR Codes are versatile and can store thousands of numeric or alphanumeric characters, URLs, payment data, and more. They’re used anywhere rapid access to information is needed, including marketing, package tracking, education, and healthcare. One reason QR Codes have exploded in popularity is their ease of use with mobile devices, making them ideal for consumer-facing applications. In industrial settings, QR Codes can also enhance warehouse management by providing fast, accurate tracking of parts, locations, and instructions all in one QR image. They’re durable and scannable from any angle, though they can take up more space than Data Matrix codes.
Choosing the Right Barcode for Your Operation
Each barcode type has specific strengths. 1D barcodes like Code 39 and Code 128 are fast, easy to print, and work well with traditional laser scanners. They’re often used in retail, distribution, and manufacturing. Meanwhile, 2D barcodes like Data Matrix and QR Codes offer higher data capacity and redundancy. These are increasingly used in medical, logistics, and consumer engagement applications, where richer information and compact labels are required.
Your choice of barcode symbology should also consider the type of barcode scanner you’re using. Some scanners are designed for linear barcodes, while others are equipped to read 2D formats. If you're scanning from a distance—like rack labels on high warehouse shelving—long-range scanners paired with high-density symbologies like Code 128 can improve productivity. For high-volume, close-range scanning of small parts or labels, 2D symbologies offer better performance.
Choosing the right barcode is a technical and strategic decision. The wrong barcode could lead to scanning delays, misreads, or label redesigns. The right one can streamline processes, reduce errors, and support automation efforts across your supply chain or operation.
At ID Label, we specialize in designing labeling solutions that match your operational goals. Whether you're outfitting a new warehouse, upgrading your warehouse management system, or reconfiguring to maximize space, our team will help you evaluate scanner compatibility, label materials, and symbology needs to ensure long-term success.
Common Questions About Barcode Symbologies
What is the difference between Code 39 and Code 128?
Code 128 is more robust, offering a smaller linear footprint and self-checking technology, capable of storing more data in less space, while Code 39 has less character flexibility and can be challenging when linear space is limited. Code 128 is better suited for logistics and high-volume scanning, whereas Code 39 may be preferred in environments using legacy systems.
Which barcode is best for small product labels?
Data Matrix barcodes are ideal for labeling small items due to their high data capacity and small physical footprint. They are commonly used in electronics, medical devices, and aerospace industries where label space is limited.
Can QR Codes be used in warehouses?
Yes, QR Codes are increasingly used in warehouses for inventory tracking, pallet labels, and bulk storage location signage, especially in operations leveraging mobile devices for scanning. They’re also useful for directing workers to safety instructions or digital SOPs.
What type of scanner is needed for 2D barcodes?
To scan QR Codes or Data Matrix barcodes, you need a 2D imaging scanner or area imager. These scanners capture images of the barcode rather than reading it linearly, enabling them to scan from more angles and even read damaged codes.
Can I print barcodes in-house?
While some businesses print their barcodes using thermal transfer printers or laser printers, you should consider the time and expense of managing that process and maintaining the equipment. Also, for specialized applications, such as freezer environments or long-range scanning, using industrial-grade labels and printing materials is beneficial. ID Label offers customized solutions for these environments.
Are barcode symbologies standardized?
Absolutely. Organizations like GS1 manage global barcode standards to ensure cross-industry compatibility. For instance, GS1-128 is a specific application of Code 128 that includes standardized data formatting for supply chain traceability and product serialization.
Which barcode is best for long-range scanning?
Code 128 is often the preferred symbology for long-range scanning, especially when printed on overhead rack labels in warehouse environments. Paired with retro-reflective materials and high-resolution printing, it offers excellent readability from contact to more than 40 feet away.
What if a barcode gets damaged or scratched?
This is where 2D barcodes like Data Matrix and QR Codes have a distinct advantage. They generally include error correction through data redundancy, which means they can still be read accurately even if up to 30% of the code is damaged or obscured.
The ID Label Advantage
ID Label manufactures extremely durable warehouse rack and bin location labels. Our materials have been tested and used in warehouse operations around the globe.
We also provide warehouse signage and turnkey nationwide installation services to provide a complete solution to our many clients who rely on us for all their warehousing needs.
Interested in learning more? Contact us today.